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Understanding Chlorination: Effective Water Treatment and Sterilization Techniques

Chlorination is the process in which chlorine and its compounds such as hypo chlorides are used in water or wastewater treatment for sterilization of micro-organisms and oxidation purposes.

It is used to kill pathogens or microorganisms, especially in cooling towers or clarification systems by oxidation. As an oxidant chlorine and its compound are used for iron and manganese removal. it is also used for the removal of taste and color. In power plants, it is used to kill algae growth in cooling water.

Chlorine compounds and their Chemistry:

Chlorine and its compounds used for the sterilization of microorganisms are:

CompoundsFormulaState
Chlorine gasCl2Gas
Calcium hypochloriteCa(ocl)2Powder
Sodium hypochloriteNaOclLiquid

The chlorine compounds are not different in their functional mechanism but differ in form. The chlorine compound produced hypochlorous acid (HOcl) and hypocholride Ion (-OCL) in water as shown in the following reactions.

Cl2    +    H2O         →              HOCL + HCl

Ca(ocl)2       +     2H2O      →               2HOCL + Ca (OH)2

NaOcl +     H2O                →                    HOCL + NaOH 

HOCL              →                    H+           +      OCL–  

                                                                              

At a high PH greater than>8   as the ratio of OCL–  increases the sterilization effect of the chorine compound decreases. It is observed that the sterilization force of OCL–   is approximately 20 times less than that of HOCL. Therefore HOCL has a significantly higher effect than OCL–  .

Properties of Chlorine Gas Cl2

Chlorine is heavier than air, greenish-yellow colored, and toxic gas. It can be compressed and stored in a pressure cylinder. As a liquid releasing the pressure one volume of liquid chlorine yields 450 volumes of Cl2 gas. It is a strong Oxidizing Agent and extremely corrosive. So, protection is needed from corrosion. For that special type alloys are used or non-metallic pipes are used.

Chlorination is done in a cooling tower to control biological growth. It is more effective in below following conditions:

  • Chlorine demand
  • Contact time with water and biological fouling
  • PH
  • At higher PH at 9, It is less effective.
  • Volume
  • Compounds of Chlorine are used

HOCL is a weak acid and kills germs bacteria etc. HOCL is 20 times more effective than OCL- ion and for this purpose, PH should be less than 8.0. At 7.3 PH HOCL is formed and is more effective. At this PH should be done for two hours. If PH is more alkaline then the sterilization rate becomes less from 99% to 90 %.

Chorine Control

Testing of chlorine is done by residual chlorine. The difference between Cl2 applied to water minus consumed Cl2.

Chlorine Demand:

The amount of Cl2 will react with containments before any Cl2 is unreacted. 0.3ppm residual is maintained. Slime is also controlled by Chlorination.


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