The types of pumps most often encountered in a refinery or chemical plant can be classified as kinetic or positive displacement pumps. Kinetic Pumps In a kinetic pump energy is added continuously to increase the fluid’s velocity within the pump to values over those in the discharge pipe. Passageways within the pump then…
Here are a few methods through which hydrogen embrittlement can be prevented: Minimizing Contact Between Any Source Of Atomic Hydrogen And Metal: Reducing the amount of metal-to-atomic hydrogen contact can help avoid hydrogen embrittlement. Environmental factors should be managed in potentially corrosive services to prevent reactions on the metal surface from producing hydrogen…
Combating with corrosion is very important. So in this article, we will look at the methods that can be considered in combating corrosion. Select proper material: Keeping in view the environmental conditions and possible corrosion phenomena, water flow rate and temperature, etc. right metal should be chosen to avoid incoming problems. Moreover, the…
Corrosion may be defined as chemical degradation or metal destruction by a chemical or electro-chemical process (reaction) with its environment, which is called corrosion. Corrosion will happen when these three things combine: In water system, the principal factors affecting the corrosion of iron are: Corrosion Theory The existence of potential differences within a…
Chlorination is the process in which chlorine and its compounds such as hypo chlorides are used in water or wastewater treatment for sterilization of micro-organisms and oxidation purposes. It is used to kill pathogens or microorganisms, especially in cooling towers or clarification systems by oxidation. As an oxidant chlorine and its compound are…
The langlier saturation index (LSI) tells us whether the nature of water is corrosive and scale forming. The langlier saturation index is given by: I0 = PH- PHs PH= The actual PH PHs= Pca +Palk + C PHs= log factor of the calcium hardness expressed in ppm as CaCO3 Palk = Log factor…
Fouling of the RO membrane is more or less a normal phenomenon of most RO systems since the pretreatment of the feed water before the RO membrane is designed to reduce fouling substances as much as possible and technically could not remove all of them. Fortunately, with the correct cleaning frequency, most foulants…
Any RO System malfunction manifests itself in a loss of salt rejection, a loss of permeate flow, and an increase in differential pressure, respectively or collectively. Then It needs maintenance. If one of the three parameters or combined ones deviates slowly from the normalized value, it may indicate normal fouling and scaling which…
Maintenance of the RO plant will be done to make sure that the RO plant runs smoothly and efficiently while giving us periodic water continuously operating our whole system if your water is used in a mixed bed exchanger for further usage in the Boiler. Several types of maintenance will be done like…
Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used in water treatment and drinking water plants to provide clear water. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a technique in which water is passed through the semipermeable membrane by some driving force (Pressure, temperature, concentration gradient). The clear water that will pass the membrane will be called permeate or…
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