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Understanding Steam Turbine & Components: Blades, Rotor, and Electric Turning Gear

The steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft which is connected to a generator.

Steam passes from the first to the last stage its pressure drops and the specific volume increases as a result it does work and produces energy. The turbine consists of stationary and moving elements. The moving blades are mounted on shaft whereas the stationery blades are mounted on casing

The Turbine we are going to discuss have following characteristics:

TypeSingle Casing Multistage condensing
ManufacturerFUJI
Gross capacity64.180 MW
Rated Speed3000 rpm
No. of blading Stages36 Stage
Direction of Rotation Clockwise (from Gen. side)

Technical Data of Steam Turbine

No.ParameterValue
1Rated output64 MW
2Speed3000 Rpm
3Number of total blades36
4HP steam Pressure75.8barg
5HP steam Temperature517.6 degree C
6LP steam pressure12.5barg
7LP steam temperature292.7 degree C

It is based  on Rankine cycle which can be described as follows:

  • Heat addition ( steam formation in boiler )
  • Isentropic Expansion ( striking of steam to turbine)
  • Heat Rejection ( steam to condenser)
  • Compression ( steam moves from condenser to Pump preparing for next cycle)

Description of Steam turbine

Steam turbine is of single casing multi-stage condensing type.

The brief description of construction is as follows.

a) Main stop valve (MSV) and main steam control valves (MCV)

Main steam is supplied into the turbine through the main stop valve located & installed on the upper half of the casing. Two main steam control valves are there on the top of the casing whose function is to control the steam flow as per load requirement. Main steam is led into HP stage blades after controlling & passing through the control valve. 

b) Admission stop valve (ASV) and admission control valve (ACV)

Admission steam is led into the turbine through the strainer, the admission stop valve and admission control valve are installed on the admission steam pipe (LP Steam Line).

c) Steam turbine casing

The casing of the steam turbine consists of upper and lower sections with a horizontal flange.

The high-pressure part is made of CrMo casted steel. The HP steam chest, the main stop valve casing, and the main steam control valve casing are made of CrMo casted steel.

On the other hand, the intermediate and low-pressure part is made of steel plate shaped by the welding process, as this part is subjected to low temperature and low-pressure steam so axial exhaust construction is adopted at this part. Atmosphere relief diaphragm (Rupture Disk) is provided on the top of the rear casing to protect the turbine and the condenser against the rise of exhaust pressure.

At the front side, the casing is supported on the No.2 bearing pedestal located between turbine and generator. On the other hand, the exhaust casing, which is the casing rear side, is supported on the foundation. No.1 bearing pedestal is mounted inside the exhaust casing. These supports are designed in consideration of thermal expansion. 

When the casing is heated, as the turbine casing is anchored at the exhaust casing, the casing expands to the generator side. Accordingly, the No.2 bearing pedestal, which has the combined thrust and journal bearing in it, will slide in the axial direction on the sole plate. The axial position of the rotor determined by the thrust bearing expands to the condenser side. As a result, maximum casing/rotor differential expansion occurs at No.1 bearing pedestal in the exhaust casing. Therefore, the differential expansion will be checked at this point. The axial clearance at blade stages and shaft seals is properly determined in consideration of the above mentioned point.

d) Steam turbine rotor

The rotor is made of forging material, and is carried out the dynamic balancing test and over speed test after fitting the moving blades.


Since the blades are the reaction type, the pressure difference between front and rear of moving blades occurs. This pressure difference makes a thrust force, which can be balanced with the reverse force exerted by the steam pressure difference between the front and rear of the balancing piston. As a result, the remaining thrust force is minimized and the thrust force acted on the thrust bearing is of little value.

e) Blades

The moving blades are equipped with integral shrouds except for the last three stages. They have the T-shaped or fir-tree-shaped leg. The stationary blades are equipped with integral shrouds and L or T-shaped legs except for the last three stages. 

The stationary blades of the last three stages are shaped by the welding process. The moving blades of the last three stages are twisted and stand perfectly free without any soldered lacing wire or any riveted shroud band. The leading edges of the last two stages’ moving blades are hardened by means of a special flame hardening to prevent erosion due to water droplets.

f) Electric turning gear

Steam turbine is equipped with a turning device which prevents any bending of rotor during a standstill. The electric turning device is installed on the No.2 bearing pedestal.

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